Mitchell V. Wisconsin Essay Example For Students

Mitchell V. Wisconsin Essay Word Count: 3746On June 11, 1993, the United State Supreme Court maintained Wisconsin?s punishment improvement law, which forces harsher sentences on crooks who ?purposefully select the individual against whom the crimeis committed..because of the race, religion, shading, inability, sexual direction, national inception or family line of that individual.? Boss Justice Rehnquist deliverd the assessment of the consistent Court. This paper contends against the choice, and will endeavor to demonstrate the illegality of such punishment upgrade laws. On the night of October 7, 1989, Mitchell and a gathering of youthful individuals of color assaulted and seriously beat a solitary white kid. The gathering had recently wrapped up the film ?Mississippi Burning?, in which a youthful dark kid was, while imploring, beaten by a white man. After the film, the gathering moved outside and Mitchell inquired as to whether they felt ?advertised up to proceed onward some white individuals?. When the white kid moved toward Mitchell stated, ?You all need to screw someone up? There goes a white kid, Go get him.? The kid was left oblivious, and stayed in a state of insensibility for four days. Mitchell was indicted for disturbed battery, which conveys a multi year greatest sentence. The Wisconsin jury, in any case, found that since Mitchell chose his casualty dependent on race, the punishment upgrade law permitted Mitchell to be condemned to as long as seven years. The jury condemned Mitchell to four years, double the greatest for the wrongdoing he submitted without the punishment upgrade law. The U.S. Incomparable Court?s administering was defective, and opposed various points of reference. The Wisconsin law is illegal, and is basically unenforceable. This paper principally centers around the established contentions against Chief Justice Rehnquist?s choice and the rule itself, yet will likewise think about the useful ramifications of the Wisconsin law, just as a comparable law went under the new felony charge (Cacas, 32). The Wisconsin law and the new government law depend on a model made by the Anti-Defemation League because of a rising tide of loathe related rough wrongdoings (Cacas, 33). Figures discharged by the Federal Bureau of Investigation show that 7,684 loathe violations propelled by race, religion, ethnicity, and sexual direction were accounted for in 1993, up from 6,623 the earlier year. Of those wrongdoings in 1993, 62 percent were racially propelled (Cacas, 32). Surely, this is an issue the country must address. Shockingly, the Supreme Court of the United St ates and both the Wisconsin and central governments have decided to address this issue in a manner that is terribly illegal. ?Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or disallowing the free exercise therof; or condensing the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals to serenely amass, and to request of the administration for a review of complaints.? The most evident contentions against the Mitchell choice are those managing the First Amendment. Actually, the Wisconsin Supreme Court decided that the state resolution was illegal in their choice, which the U.S. Preeminent Court overruled. The Wisconsim Supreme Court contended that the Wisconsin punishment improvement resolution, ?abuses the First Amendment straightforwardly by rebuffing what the assembly has regarded hostile idea.? The Wisconsin Court likewise dismissed the state?s contention ?that the resolution rebuffs just the lead? of deliberate choice of a casualty?. The Co urt?s dispute was that ?the rule rebuffs the on account of? part of the defendant?s choice, the explanation the respondent chose the person in question, the thought process behind the choice.? The law is in certainty an immediate infringement of the First Amendment, as per the Wisconsin Supreme Court, which said ?the Wisconsin council can't condemn intolerant idea with which it disagrees.If there is a bedrock head fundamental the First Amendment, it is that the administration may not deny the outflow of a thought basically on the grounds that society considers the thought itself hostile or offensive?. The Supreme Court was heard to absolute such respectable expressions as of late as 1989, in Texas v. Johnson. Shockingly these hopeful standards appear to have been relinquished during Wisconsin v. Mitchell. Rest deprevation EssayPossibly increasingly significant, and unquestionably later, is the point of reference built up in R.A.V. v. St. Paul, a 1992 case. This case included a juvenille who was indicted under the St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance for consuming a cross in the yard of a dark family that lived over the road from the applicant. Equity Scalia conveyed the assessment of a consistent Court, yet the Court was isolated in its feelings for upsetting the St. Paul resolution. Scalia contended that the city law was overbroad, on the grounds that it rebuffed about every single questionable portrayal prone to stimulate disdain among characterized ensured gatherings, and under-comprehensive, in light of the fact that the administration must not specifically punish words that beg to be defended aimed at certain gatherings while not arraigning those routed to other people, which is the place the issue lies in the rationale of the Mitchell choice. Despite the fact that Rehnquist c ontended that Wisconsin v. Mitchell didn't upset R.A.V. v. St. Paul, If a despise discourse law that specified a few classifications is invalid in light of the fact that, in Justice Antonin Scalias conclusion in St. Paul, government may not direct utilize dependent on threatening vibe or preference toward the hidden message included, in what manner can a loathe wrongdoing law be maintained that builds the punishment for violations propelled by certain despises however not those spurred by different abhors? As it were, if the St. Paul rule is resolved to be under-comprehensive, how might we incorporate each possible detest inside the setting of any rule. To be steady, assemblies should now incorporate different classifications, including sex, physical attributes, age, party connection, hostile to Americanism or position on abortion.(Feingeld, 16)More fascinating (and Constitutional) than the dominant part supposition in R.A.V. v. St. Paul, is the agreeing feeling composed by Justice White, with whom Justice Blackmun and Justice OConnor join. White composes, Although the statute as understood ranges egories of discourse that are unavoidably unprotected, it likewise condemns a significant measure of articulation that-anyway offensive is protected by the First Admendment Our words that beg to be defended cases have clarified, in any case, that such summed up responses are not adequate to strip articulation of its established insurance. The unimportant truth that expressive action causes hurt sentiments, offense, or hatred doesn't render the demeanor unprotected The law is subsequently lethally overbroad and invalid all over Rehnquist contends that while the statute struck down in R.A.V. was unequivocally aimed at articulation, the resolution for this situation is focused on direct unprotected by the First Amendment. By the by, had Mitchell not expressed, There goes a white kid; go get him, his sentence would not have been upgraded, he would have rather gotten the most extreme sentence of two years in prison for his wrongdoing, rather than four. Along these lines, the Wisconsin resolution doesn't just rebuff lead, as Justice Rehnquist proposes, however discourse also. The Wisconsin v. Mitchell choice can't just be seen as one that damages to racists and homophobics. There are a lot more extensive expenses to society than the calmed assessments of an oblivious few. To start with, laws which chill thought or breaking point articulation diminish the objective of protecting the accessibility of the broadest conceivable scope of thoughts and articulations in the commercial center of thoughts. Second, the Mitchell administering not just influences eveyones free discourse rights with a general choking of the understanding of the First Amendment, yet the decision clears a path for additional tightening influences. Third, punishment upgrade laws place the assembly in the situation of judging and deciding the nature of thoughts, and accept that the administration has the ability to make such decisions. Fourth, without the outflow of conclusions by and large deemd unsuitable by society, society will in general overlook why those suppositions were considered unsatisfactory in any case. (All the more explicitly, nothing causes a skinhead to appear to be more moronic than permitting him to voice his sentiment under the investigation of a national TV crowd.) Finally, when society permits the free articulation all things considered, paying little mind to its hatred for those thoughts, it is an indication of solidarity. So when a general public uses all its capacity to stifle thoughts, it is unquestionably an indication of that societys shortcoming (Gellman, (381-385). The United States Supreme Courts consistent choice in Wisconsin v. Mitchell is erroneous for various reasons. Intrinsically, the choice neglects to consent to the ability to speak freely ensured in the First Amendment, and the assurance to all residents of equivalent insurance under the laws, recorded in the Fourteenth Amendment. The choice likewise apparently topples R.A.V. v. St. Paul, and recommends that the Court might be inclining towards another words that beg to be defended regulation, where disagreeable discourse rises to unprotected discourse. The choice additionally harms societ all in all in manners that are essentially immeasureable in their size, for example, those recorded in the former section. Wisconsin v. Mitchell is a horribly defective Supreme Court choice, which one can dare to dream will be toppled sooner rather than later. The opportunity to vary isn't constrained to things that don't make a difference much. That would be a minor sahdow of an opportunity. The trial of its substance is the option to contrast as to things that touch the core of the current request. In the event that there is any fixed star in our protected group of stars, it is that no official, high or insignificant, can endorse what will be conventional in governmental issues, patriotism, religion or different issues of supposition - Justice Jackson in W.V. Leading body of Education. v. BarnetteBibliography Cacas, Samuel. Despise Crime Sentences Can Now Be Enhanced Under A New Federal Law. Human

Location of Selves and Reorganization of Reality :: Identity Reality Self Essays

Area of Selves and Reorganization of Reality We see constrains in our way of life of informationâ€our postmodern world. Cutoff points in characterizing a basic, innovator self are similar limits that oversee the responsibility for and of thoughts (subsequently, the copyright). Characterizing an individual in severe terms of a solitary personality permits self the limit with respect to possession. Individuals feel that they have a handle over things on the off chance that they realize themselves as far as a compact personality. Much more, individuals can be guaranteed that they are ordinary or, further, amazing and noteworthy, on the off chance that they have certain â€Å"desirable† attributes that make up their actual selves. This feeling of self causes the character emergency, frailties, and self-loathing the same amount of if not more so than it gives individuals an affirmation of knowing who â€Å"they† are. The cyborg sanctions the foreseen destruction of such decreasing hallucinations. Cyborgs resist customary grouping, therefore controllability. This compromises people with significant influence, and it undermines those that appreciate the cutoff points once set up. While this thought must appear to squash the quality of gatherings that have been characterized by a bringing together attribute, for example, â€Å"male†, it truly considers undeniably increasingly potential gatherings to unifyâ€groups that may have encountered unrest and couldn't be ordered by single word, as â€Å"woman†. Basic arrangements that have limited different parts of one’s novel experience will not confine anymore or diminish one’s numerous selfhood. At that point, cyborgs/selves can investigate the self of decision to boost their involvement with understanding with their condition. At long last, the missions for self as bona fide will not endure anymore. The credibility of human communication could simply be a deception. Practices are, all things considered, just as real or complete as you envision them to be. One can shape their encounters, or if nothing else their impression of them, interestingly. [See Chapter 5, Speaking into the Air] Thus, the requirement for human contact could be seen as another fantasy. Individuals can become hopelessly enamored over the Internet. The climax that one has in a mimicked circumstance, similar to telephone sex or digital sex, is similarly as â€Å"real† as the one he/she would have had if the gigantic shaggy lady on the opposite finish of the wire (and the climax) truly was the thin provocative light idea to convey.

Research Paper Website - Making It Work Effectively

Research Paper Website - Making It Work EffectivelyWhen you decide to go ahead and create a research paper website, you should be aware of all the things that are required in order to make it successful. You can use this website as an avenue to promote your scholarship or to earn some extra cash from the comfort of your home. When it comes to designing a website for a research paper, there are some things that you need to keep in mind so that you can get the best results.Among the most important factors to keep in mind are the following: name of the website, domain name, layout and navigation, how much bandwidth the website has, etc. The name of the website is what will define the site. This name needs to be unique as well as easy to remember so that the visitors can easily type the page address in their browser. Remember that you cannot just put anything in the URL address box; it has to be either case sensitive or case insensitive.A research paper website has to have its own domain name as well as hosting. You can either purchase a domain name or rent it for a specific period of time. Although you can get cheap hosting services, it is always better to make sure that the host that you will be using offers you a good level of service.When you use these tools to write web pages, you will find that it will be easier for you to compose and submit a paper. One of the best tools that you will find when creating a research paper website is an article submission tool. It is important to have an easy-to-use interface so that you can put up your articles quickly. The URL address of the website has to be easy to type as well so that visitors do not have any difficulty while getting to the content they want.A research paper website should also have easy navigation features so that users do not have to spend a lot of time searching through the pages. The site has to have features that allow users to quickly navigate through the various sections. You also need to make sure that the navigation buttons are not in the wrong positions. There is no point in creating a website if people do not be able to access it.The bookmark tool should also be included on the research paper website. This is useful when users want to save their favorite websites and bookmark them. It is also important to make sure that all the links are visible and functional. In case you need to contact your college for any reasons, you can utilize the e-mail feature of the website so that you can connect with your professor for any queries.When it comes to designing a research paper website, you need to make sure that all the important features are present in the website. One of the most important features that you need to incorporate is the ability to send emails. In this way, users can easily reach out to you whenever they have questions about the topic and they can also attach the necessary documents and books.Overall, the design of a research paper website is very important. This is because you want your readers to get what they want when they visit your website. If you want them to understand your ideas, the website must make sense and work efficiently.

Classical Conditioning Definition and Examples

Classical conditioning is a behaviorist theory of learning. It posits that when a naturally occurring stimulus and an environmental stimulus are repeatedly paired, the environmental stimulus will eventually elicit a similar response to the natural stimulus. The most famous studies associated with classical conditioning are Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs. Key Takeaways: Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is the process by which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a stimulus in the environment, and as a result, the environmental stimulus eventually elicits the same response as the natural stimulus.Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, who conducted a series of classic experiments with dogs.Classical conditioning was embraced by the branch of psychology known as behaviorism. Origins and Influence Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning arose out his observations of his dogs’ salivation responses. While dogs naturally salivate when food touches their tongues, Pavlov noticed that his dogs salivation extended beyond that innate response. They salivated when they saw him approach with food or even just heard his footsteps. In other words, stimuli that had previously been neutral became conditioned because of their repeated association with a natural response. Although Pavlov wasn’t a psychologist, and in fact believed his work on classical conditioning was physiological, his discovery had a major influence on psychology. In particular, Pavlov’s work was popularized in psychology by John B. Watson. Watson kicked off the behaviorist movement in psychology in 1913 with a manifesto that said psychology should abandon the study of things like consciousness and only study observable behavior, including stimuli and responses. After discovering Pavlov’s experiments a year later, Watson made classical conditioning the foundation of his ideas. Pavlov’s Experiments Classical conditioning requires placing a neutral stimulus immediately before a stimulus that automatically occurs, which eventually leads to a learned response to the formerly neutral stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiments, he presented food to a dog while shining a light in a dark room or ringing a bell. The dog automatically salivated when the food was placed in its mouth. After the presentation of the food was repeatedly paired with the light or bell, the dog started salivating when it saw the light or heard the bell, even when no food was presented. In other words, the dog was conditioned to associate the previously neutral stimulus with the salivation response. Types of Stimuli and Responses Each of the stimuli and responses in classical conditioning are referred to by specific terms that can be illustrated with reference to Pavlov’s experiments. The presentation of food to the dog is referred to as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because the dog’s response to the food occurs naturally.The light or bell is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because the dog must learn to associate it with the desired response.Salivation in response to the food is called the unconditioned response (UCR) because it’s an innate reflex.Salivation to the light or bell is the conditioned response (CR) because the dog learns to associate that response with the conditioned stimulus. The Three Stages of Classical Conditioning The process of classical conditioning occurs in three basic stages: Before Conditioning At this stage the UCS and CS have no relationship. The UCS comes up in the environment and naturally elicits a UCR. The UCR wasn’t taught or learned, it’s a completely innate reaction. For example, the first time a person takes a ride on a boat (UCS) they may become seasick (UCR). At this point the CS is a neutral stimulus (NS). It has yet to produce any kind of response because it hasn’t been conditioned yet. During Conditioning During the second stage, the UCS and NS are paired leading the previously neutral stimulus to become a CS. The CS occurs just before or at the same time as the UCS and in the process the CS becomes associated with UCS and, by extension, the UCR. Generally the UCS and CS must be paired several times in order to reinforce the association between the two stimuli. However, there are times when this isn’t necessary. For example, if an individual gets sick once after eating a specific food, that food may continue to make them nauseous in the future. So, if the individual on the boat drank fruit punch (CS) right before getting sick (UCR), they could learn to associate fruit punch (CS) with feeling ill (CR). After Conditioning Once the UCS and CS have been associated, the CS will trigger a response without the need to present the UCS with it. The CS now elicits the CR. The individual has learned to associate a specific response with a previously neutral stimulus. Thus, the individual who got seasick may find that in the future fruit punch (CS) makes them feel ill (CR), despite the fact that the fruit punch really had nothing to do with the individual getting sick on the boat. Other Principles of Classical Conditioning There are several additional principles in classical conditioning that further detail how the process works. These principles include the following: Extinction As its name suggests, extinction happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with an unconditioned stimulus leading to a decrease or complete disappearance of the conditioned response. For example, Pavlov’s dogs started to salivate in response to the sound of a bell after the sound was paired with food over several trials. However, if the bell was sounded several times without the food, over time the dog’s salivation would decrease and eventually stop. Spontaneous Recovery Even after extinction has occurred, the conditioned response may not be gone forever. Sometimes spontaneous recovery happens in which the response reemerges after a period of extinction. For example, suppose after extinguishing a dog’s conditioned response of salivation to a bell, the bell isn’t sounded for a period of time. If the bell is then sounded after that break, the dog will salivate again — a spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response. If the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli aren’t paired again, though, spontaneous recovery won’t last long and extinction will again occur. Stimulus Generalization Stimulus generalization happens when, after a stimulus has been conditioned to a specific response, other stimuli that may be associated with the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response. The additional stimuli are not conditioned but are similar to the conditioned stimulus, leading to generalization. So, if a dog is conditioned to salivate to the tone of a bell, the dog will also salivate to other bell tones. Although the conditioned response may not occur if the tone is too dissimilar to the conditioned stimulus. Stimulus Discrimination Stimulus generalization often doesn’t last. Over time, stimulus discrimination begins to occur in which stimuli are differentiated and only the conditioned stimulus and possibly stimuli that are very similar elicit the conditioned response. So, if a dog continues to hear different bell tones, over time the dog will start to distinguish between the tones and will only salivate to the conditioned tone and ones that sound almost like it.   Higher-Order Conditioning In his experiments, Pavlov demonstrated that after he has conditioned a dog to respond to a particular stimulus, he could pair the conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus and extend the conditioned response to the new stimulus. This is called second-order-conditioning. For example, after a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell, the bell was presented with a black square. After several trials the black square could elicit salivation by itself. While Pavlov found he could also establish third-order-conditioning in his research, he was unable to extend higher-order conditioning beyond that point. Examples Examples of classical conditioning can be observed in the real world. One instance is various forms of drug addiction. If a drug is repeatedly taken in specific circumstances (say, a specific location), the user may become used to the substance in that context and require more of it to get the same effect, called tolerance. However, if the individual takes the drug in a different environmental context, the individual may overdose. This is because the user’s typical environment has become a conditioned stimulus  that prepares the body for a conditioned response to the drug. In the absence of this conditioning, the body may not be adequately prepared for the drug. A more positive example of classical conditioning is its use to support wildlife conservation efforts. Lions in Africa were conditioned to dislike the taste of beef in order to keep them from preying on cattle and coming into conflict with farmers because of it. Eight lions were given beef treated with a deworming agent that gave them indigestion. After doing this several times, the lions developed an aversion to meat, even if it wasn’t treated with the deworming agent. Given their aversion to the meat, these lions would be highly unlikely to prey on cattle. Classical conditioning can also be used in therapy and the classroom. For example, to combat anxieties and phobias such as a fear of spiders, a therapist might repeatedly show an individual an image of a spider while they are performing relaxation techniques so the individual can form as association between spiders and relaxation. Similarly, if a teacher couples a subject that makes students nervous, like math, with a pleasant and positive environment, the student will learn to feel more positive about math. Critiques While there are numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning, the concept has been criticized for several reasons. First, classical conditioning has been accused of being deterministic because it ignores the role of free will in peoples behavioral responses. Classical conditioning anticipates an individual will respond to a conditioned stimulus with no variation. This may help psychologists predict human behavior, but it underestimates individual differences. Classical conditioning has also been criticized for emphasizing learning from the environment and therefore championing nurture over nature. The behaviorists were committed to only describing what they could observe so they would stay away from any speculation about the influence of biology on behavior. Yet, human behavior is likely more complex than simply what can be observed in the environment. A final criticism of classical conditioning is that it is reductionist. Although classical conditioning is certainly scientific because it utilizes controlled experiments to arrive at its conclusions, it also breaks down complex behaviors into small units made up of a single stimulus and response. This can lead to explanations for behavior that are incomplete.  Ã‚   Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is Classical Conditioning?† Verywell Mind, 28 September 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-conditioning-2794859Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Goldman, Jason G. â€Å"What is Classical Conditioning? (And Why Does it Matter?)† Scientific American, 11 January 2012. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/what-is-classical-conditioning-and-why-does-it-matter/McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Classical Conditioning.† Simply Psychology, 21 August 2018. https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.htmlPlatt, John R. Lions vs. Cattle: Taste Aversion Could Solve African Predator Problem. Scientific American, 27 December, 2011. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/lions-vs-cattle-taste-aversion/

Was Dropping The Atomic Bomb On Japan The Best Way For The...

Was dropping the atomic bomb on Japan the best way for the United States to force Japan to surrender unconditionally? World War II was a war fought between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers. The main Allies were France before it fell, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States. The main Axis were Italy, Japan and Germany. War broke out in 1939 and did not end until 1945. On May 8, 1945 the Allies won victory over Europe, thereby they won victory over Italy and Germany. However the Allies did not defeat nor receive the surrender of Japan until months later. The Japanese would not and did not surrender until the United States dropped a new weapon of war. This â€Å"no surrender† was mainly due to the Japanese code of the samurai, or†¦show more content†¦On August 15, 1945 Emperor Hirohito announced Japan’s unconditional surrender over the radio â€Å"citing the devastating power of â€Å"a new and most cruel bomb.†(History, par.1) Victory ove r Japan had been achieved. On September 2, aboard the USS Missouri the Japanese formally surrenders. After the United States dropped the atomic bombs, it put the United States in a dominate position due to the knowledge that they, if not have a weapon of mass destruction, then they have the ability to create a weapon of mass destruction. This also resulted in other countries wanting a weapon of mass destruction for a variety of reasons. There were six possible responses President Truman could have decided upon to solve this problem he faced. The first possible response was to drop the atomic bomb(s). This is response that President Truman decided upon. This decision was to drop an atomic bomb on a chosen Japanese city and if the Japanese still would not surrender, then a second atomic bomb would be dropped on a second chosen city. This is the best response to the problem of how the United States was supposed to force Japan to surrender unconditionally and end the war. The second pos sible response was to continue the bombing already happening, with the regular non-atomic bombs, which would then be followed by an invasion. This response was actually favoured by General Douglas MacArthur and other high up military commanders so much that the plan was given the codename â€Å"OperationShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombs : The Justification1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Atomic Bombs; The Justification One of the most controversial and heavily scrutinized issue of the twentieth century was President Harry S. Truman’s decision to unleash atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The motives behind Truman’s actions are shrouded in controversy as top military officials publicly denounced the use of such a disastrous weapon. There is overwhelming evidence supporting both sides of the decision, as historians are split in opinion. The United States had beenRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Was A Revolutionary Invention1528 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. 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Mission Log A Mission Of The Highest Honor - 1960 Words

Mission Log: 001 January 4th, 2127 My identification number is 9777, but everyone here affectionately calls me Sevens. I have been living in hell for the last six months, or as our supervisors call it, the Exodus Rehabilitation Center. We are here to be prepared for â€Å"a mission of the highest honor†, but we all know that is a lie. They have been feeding us some propaganda that we will be a part of historic mission that will help unite our planet, when in reality we are the last ditch effort to save us. What they don’t know about me is who I really am. Long before I was born our world fell into a class war, and by all accounts a nasty one that the upper class â€Å"won†. The poor were pushed out of the cities. They were stripped of their†¦show more content†¦I didn’t realize that though, I was only ten at the time. I was in the park when the sirens sounded; it was too late at that point though. I was knocked to the ground and slammed my head onto the merry go round. The last thi ng I remember was my brother screaming. When I woke up I was in the ghetto near my city in a small ragged tin house with a women and her daughter standing over me. This would be my new family, my new home, my new way of life. Or so I thought, till the government came and rounded up all of the prospects, or as we refer to ourselves, space slaves. Mission Log: 002 January 6th, 2127 Today the shuffled us into the auditorium immediately after our post lunch workout. Io looked like he was about to erupt out of anger, he doesn’t take kindly to any authority figure giving him instructions. That’s why I gave him the nickname Io, I always thought it was fitting and he didn’t know enough about Jupiter’s moon to realize I was poking fun at his volcanic temperament. The temperatures of the moon are actually about negative 202 degrees Fahrenheit [8] which makes sense if you believe that maybe Io is a nice guy deep down. The volcanos though can reach temperatures of 3000 degrees Fahrenheit [8] which makes a little more sense with his personality. And the moon appears to be red, yellow and orange [8] which about describes his face when he is about to beat someone to a pulp. I did this for everyone though, they made it to easy. I was an

Qualitative Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify a Single Piece of Qualitative Research in the form of a Published, peer reviewed article. Answer: Introduction To evaluate the robustness of the findings, critical scrutiny of the published research article is obvious. The paper aims to assess the quality of the qualitative research paper using the criteria outlined in Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research'by Popay et al. (1998). It is the formalized framework for the evaluation of the qualitative study. This framework is useful in allowing the qualitative studies specified in health research to receive optimum recognition. The qualitative study identified for this purpose is based on a theme of obesity, Identifying families reasons for engaging or not engaging with childhood obesity services: A qualitative study by Banks et al. (2014). This paper is concerned with the management of obesity by highlighting the value of engaging children in the health care decision to attend the obesity services. Evaluation According to Popays criteria, the one criterion to good qualitative study is the provision sufficient details such as background, objectives highlighted with succinct statements, clear description of the methodology and discussion of the main findings (Popay et al. 1998). Banks et al. (2014) have provided a concise title to the article that itself give a precise hint about the purpose and methodology of the research. The authors credentials indicating the credibility of the research follow the title. The background of the study is not too extensive. It is able to inform readers about the problem area, which is obesity and its significance. Thus, the relevance of the research is identified in the background of the study as also highlighted by (Holmes 2014). As the background is followed by short literature, it indicates that subject has been thoroughly researched by the author. As per the Popays criteria, a qualitative study must be able to illuminate the subjective meaning and actions and the context of those being researched. Right in the abstract Banks et al. (2014), the researcher articulates the use of the qualitative interviews to examine families reasons for engaging or not engaging with child obesity services. The desired method for research suggested appears justified. The qualitative paper clearly highlights the context of those being researched. Since the study aims to identify the reason for attrition due to lack of adherence to treatment. Thus, it is justified that the researchers consider 15 families who attended a UK-based childhood obesity service with children and 17 families whose children withdrew from the intervention. Thus, this qualitative paper is well set out allowing the readers to well recognise the research design and read effortlessly (Cope 2014). The paper does not demonstrate in details about the verstehen approach adopted to illuminate the meaning people attach to their behaviour that is in adherence to the intervention for obesity (Popay et al. 1998). However, Banks et al. (2014), designed the paper to draw the data from the interviews with families who participated in the Primary Care Care of Childhood Obesity (PC-COCO), Randomised control trial (two armed). This trial assessed the effectiveness of incorporating the established secondary care clinic in the primary care setting. In short, the privilege of the subjective meaning is not evident from the paper (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber 2017). Prior to the methodology section, the author highlights the results of the trial where he found poor attrition rate, but the potentiality of the primary care service was noted. A qualitative study must have the evidence of adoption and responsiveness of the research design to the circumstances. Further, during the course of the study, the issue of social settings in real life should be met. In short, there is a need of variability instead of standardisation, which is the hallmark of good qualitative methodology (Popay et al. 1998). The same is evident in this paper were sampling, data collection, its interpretation and are interdependent. The Popays criteria mention that the qualitative research must have the sample that produces the type of knowledge to understand the environment in which the participants are assessed. In the chosen paper, the author has chosen purposive convenience sampling. All the participants are the most appropriate to the task itself and involve maximum variation. However, the paper does not highlight the reason why some participants did not turn for the interview (Leung 2015). Further, the author has clearly mentioned as to who cond ucted the interview and that it was conducted over the phone for the group of participants that withdrew from treatment. For the group that participated in the intervention were interviewed in their homes with children. The use of the semi-structured interview was justified as the interviewer can look for the technique of verbal communication and how the responses were given (Munn et al. 2014). The element of vagueness is eliminated in the paper by Banks et al. (2014) as he mentioned the duration of the interview and data recording process. Further, prior to discussing on the methodology, the author elucidates the process of trial to rationalise the research. This section thus meets the hallmark criteria of the qualitative study. During this study, thematic mode of data analysis was used (Banks et al. 2014). This coding method recognises main themes, and emphasise on ideas and feelings (Popay et al. 1998). Since more than one author was involved in the interview process, its eliminates the probability of discrepancies and bias. This is also evident from the ethics committee approval and informed consent taken from participants. There is an evidence of adequate description of the individual sections such as introduction, methods, results and discussions as well as on the subsections such as the interview with families, data analysis and presentation (Holloway and Galvin 2016). The Popays criteria emphasise on the evidence of data quality and of theoretical and of conceptual adequacy (Popay et al. 1998). The paper must have a potential for assessing typicality. The paper demonstrates interpretive validity. The researcher Banks et al. (2014) not only described the data but also gave the quotation to interpret the meaning and significance of the response. The researcher did not give a wide comparison of the statements and indexes of the behaviour. In the qualitative paper, the author findings are scientifically credible and can be transferred to others settings as highlighted by Popay et al. (1998). The findings can be used to understand the attrition of the people in the diabetes treatment clinics. The author of the qualitative paper has linked the purposefulness to the representativeness. In addition, the researcher has not missed highlighting the strengths, limitations, practice implications such as incorporating the childs clinical decision-making process (Kallio et al. 2016). The author has also provided suggestions lastly to improve the clinical environment to decrease the attrition rate. The parts of the setting can be treated as typical of a large number of setting. In case the setting, time and place are explicit, it may enhance the typicality of the findings by using other sources such as congruent pieces of research, non-official statistics, and policy documents (Lipp and Fothergill 2015). Conclusion The criterion that was considered a hallmark of the good qualitative health research is met o a great context by the chosen qualitative paper. The paper was thus evaluated using the Popays criteria on various dimensions such as interpretation of the subjective meaning, theoretical basis, sampling process, data collection methods, and concern with generalisability. The findings were important, and the background information was sufficient to make the judgments. Overall, the qualitative paper has clear implications for policy and practice. Thus, Popays criteria well define the quality standards for assessing the qualitative methodology in the health service research. References Banks, J., Cramer, H., Sharp, D.J., Shield, J.P. and Turner, K.M., 2014. Identifying families reasons for engaging or not engaging with childhood obesity services: A qualitative study.Journal of Child Health Care,18(2), pp.101-110. Cope, D.G., 2014, January. Methods and meanings: credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 41, No. 1). Holloway, I. and Galvin, K., 2016.Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Holmes, J., 2014. Countertransference in qualitative research: a critical appraisal.Qualitative Research,14(2), pp.166-183. Kallio, H., Pietil, A.M., Johnson, M. and Kangasniemi, M., 2016. Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi?structured interview guide.Journal of advanced nursing,72(12), pp.2954-2965. Leung, L., 2015. Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research.Journal of family medicine and primary care,4(3), p.324. Lipp, A. and Fothergill, A., 2015. A guide to critiquing a research paper. Methodological appraisal of a paper on nurses in abortion care.Nurse education today,35(3), pp.e14-e17. LoBiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J., 2017.Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Munn, Z., Porritt, K., Lockwood, C., Aromataris, E. and Pearson, A., 2014. Establishing confidence in the output of qualitative research synthesis: the ConQual approach.BMC medical research methodology,14(1), p.108. Popay, J., Rogers, A. and Williams, G., 1998. Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research.Qualitative health research,8(3), pp.341-351.