Mitchell V. Wisconsin Essay Example For Students

Mitchell V. Wisconsin Essay Word Count: 3746On June 11, 1993, the United State Supreme Court maintained Wisconsin?s punishment improvement law, which forces harsher sentences on crooks who ?purposefully select the individual against whom the crimeis committed..because of the race, religion, shading, inability, sexual direction, national inception or family line of that individual.? Boss Justice Rehnquist deliverd the assessment of the consistent Court. This paper contends against the choice, and will endeavor to demonstrate the illegality of such punishment upgrade laws. On the night of October 7, 1989, Mitchell and a gathering of youthful individuals of color assaulted and seriously beat a solitary white kid. The gathering had recently wrapped up the film ?Mississippi Burning?, in which a youthful dark kid was, while imploring, beaten by a white man. After the film, the gathering moved outside and Mitchell inquired as to whether they felt ?advertised up to proceed onward some white individuals?. When the white kid moved toward Mitchell stated, ?You all need to screw someone up? There goes a white kid, Go get him.? The kid was left oblivious, and stayed in a state of insensibility for four days. Mitchell was indicted for disturbed battery, which conveys a multi year greatest sentence. The Wisconsin jury, in any case, found that since Mitchell chose his casualty dependent on race, the punishment upgrade law permitted Mitchell to be condemned to as long as seven years. The jury condemned Mitchell to four years, double the greatest for the wrongdoing he submitted without the punishment upgrade law. The U.S. Incomparable Court?s administering was defective, and opposed various points of reference. The Wisconsin law is illegal, and is basically unenforceable. This paper principally centers around the established contentions against Chief Justice Rehnquist?s choice and the rule itself, yet will likewise think about the useful ramifications of the Wisconsin law, just as a comparable law went under the new felony charge (Cacas, 32). The Wisconsin law and the new government law depend on a model made by the Anti-Defemation League because of a rising tide of loathe related rough wrongdoings (Cacas, 33). Figures discharged by the Federal Bureau of Investigation show that 7,684 loathe violations propelled by race, religion, ethnicity, and sexual direction were accounted for in 1993, up from 6,623 the earlier year. Of those wrongdoings in 1993, 62 percent were racially propelled (Cacas, 32). Surely, this is an issue the country must address. Shockingly, the Supreme Court of the United St ates and both the Wisconsin and central governments have decided to address this issue in a manner that is terribly illegal. ?Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or disallowing the free exercise therof; or condensing the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals to serenely amass, and to request of the administration for a review of complaints.? The most evident contentions against the Mitchell choice are those managing the First Amendment. Actually, the Wisconsin Supreme Court decided that the state resolution was illegal in their choice, which the U.S. Preeminent Court overruled. The Wisconsim Supreme Court contended that the Wisconsin punishment improvement resolution, ?abuses the First Amendment straightforwardly by rebuffing what the assembly has regarded hostile idea.? The Wisconsin Court likewise dismissed the state?s contention ?that the resolution rebuffs just the lead? of deliberate choice of a casualty?. The Co urt?s dispute was that ?the rule rebuffs the on account of? part of the defendant?s choice, the explanation the respondent chose the person in question, the thought process behind the choice.? The law is in certainty an immediate infringement of the First Amendment, as per the Wisconsin Supreme Court, which said ?the Wisconsin council can't condemn intolerant idea with which it disagrees.If there is a bedrock head fundamental the First Amendment, it is that the administration may not deny the outflow of a thought basically on the grounds that society considers the thought itself hostile or offensive?. The Supreme Court was heard to absolute such respectable expressions as of late as 1989, in Texas v. Johnson. Shockingly these hopeful standards appear to have been relinquished during Wisconsin v. Mitchell. Rest deprevation EssayPossibly increasingly significant, and unquestionably later, is the point of reference built up in R.A.V. v. St. Paul, a 1992 case. This case included a juvenille who was indicted under the St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance for consuming a cross in the yard of a dark family that lived over the road from the applicant. Equity Scalia conveyed the assessment of a consistent Court, yet the Court was isolated in its feelings for upsetting the St. Paul resolution. Scalia contended that the city law was overbroad, on the grounds that it rebuffed about every single questionable portrayal prone to stimulate disdain among characterized ensured gatherings, and under-comprehensive, in light of the fact that the administration must not specifically punish words that beg to be defended aimed at certain gatherings while not arraigning those routed to other people, which is the place the issue lies in the rationale of the Mitchell choice. Despite the fact that Rehnquist c ontended that Wisconsin v. Mitchell didn't upset R.A.V. v. St. Paul, If a despise discourse law that specified a few classifications is invalid in light of the fact that, in Justice Antonin Scalias conclusion in St. Paul, government may not direct utilize dependent on threatening vibe or preference toward the hidden message included, in what manner can a loathe wrongdoing law be maintained that builds the punishment for violations propelled by certain despises however not those spurred by different abhors? As it were, if the St. Paul rule is resolved to be under-comprehensive, how might we incorporate each possible detest inside the setting of any rule. To be steady, assemblies should now incorporate different classifications, including sex, physical attributes, age, party connection, hostile to Americanism or position on abortion.(Feingeld, 16)More fascinating (and Constitutional) than the dominant part supposition in R.A.V. v. St. Paul, is the agreeing feeling composed by Justice White, with whom Justice Blackmun and Justice OConnor join. White composes, Although the statute as understood ranges egories of discourse that are unavoidably unprotected, it likewise condemns a significant measure of articulation that-anyway offensive is protected by the First Admendment Our words that beg to be defended cases have clarified, in any case, that such summed up responses are not adequate to strip articulation of its established insurance. The unimportant truth that expressive action causes hurt sentiments, offense, or hatred doesn't render the demeanor unprotected The law is subsequently lethally overbroad and invalid all over Rehnquist contends that while the statute struck down in R.A.V. was unequivocally aimed at articulation, the resolution for this situation is focused on direct unprotected by the First Amendment. By the by, had Mitchell not expressed, There goes a white kid; go get him, his sentence would not have been upgraded, he would have rather gotten the most extreme sentence of two years in prison for his wrongdoing, rather than four. Along these lines, the Wisconsin resolution doesn't just rebuff lead, as Justice Rehnquist proposes, however discourse also. The Wisconsin v. Mitchell choice can't just be seen as one that damages to racists and homophobics. There are a lot more extensive expenses to society than the calmed assessments of an oblivious few. To start with, laws which chill thought or breaking point articulation diminish the objective of protecting the accessibility of the broadest conceivable scope of thoughts and articulations in the commercial center of thoughts. Second, the Mitchell administering not just influences eveyones free discourse rights with a general choking of the understanding of the First Amendment, yet the decision clears a path for additional tightening influences. Third, punishment upgrade laws place the assembly in the situation of judging and deciding the nature of thoughts, and accept that the administration has the ability to make such decisions. Fourth, without the outflow of conclusions by and large deemd unsuitable by society, society will in general overlook why those suppositions were considered unsatisfactory in any case. (All the more explicitly, nothing causes a skinhead to appear to be more moronic than permitting him to voice his sentiment under the investigation of a national TV crowd.) Finally, when society permits the free articulation all things considered, paying little mind to its hatred for those thoughts, it is an indication of solidarity. So when a general public uses all its capacity to stifle thoughts, it is unquestionably an indication of that societys shortcoming (Gellman, (381-385). The United States Supreme Courts consistent choice in Wisconsin v. Mitchell is erroneous for various reasons. Intrinsically, the choice neglects to consent to the ability to speak freely ensured in the First Amendment, and the assurance to all residents of equivalent insurance under the laws, recorded in the Fourteenth Amendment. The choice likewise apparently topples R.A.V. v. St. Paul, and recommends that the Court might be inclining towards another words that beg to be defended regulation, where disagreeable discourse rises to unprotected discourse. The choice additionally harms societ all in all in manners that are essentially immeasureable in their size, for example, those recorded in the former section. Wisconsin v. Mitchell is a horribly defective Supreme Court choice, which one can dare to dream will be toppled sooner rather than later. The opportunity to vary isn't constrained to things that don't make a difference much. That would be a minor sahdow of an opportunity. The trial of its substance is the option to contrast as to things that touch the core of the current request. In the event that there is any fixed star in our protected group of stars, it is that no official, high or insignificant, can endorse what will be conventional in governmental issues, patriotism, religion or different issues of supposition - Justice Jackson in W.V. Leading body of Education. v. BarnetteBibliography Cacas, Samuel. Despise Crime Sentences Can Now Be Enhanced Under A New Federal Law. Human

Location of Selves and Reorganization of Reality :: Identity Reality Self Essays

Area of Selves and Reorganization of Reality We see constrains in our way of life of informationâ€our postmodern world. Cutoff points in characterizing a basic, innovator self are similar limits that oversee the responsibility for and of thoughts (subsequently, the copyright). Characterizing an individual in severe terms of a solitary personality permits self the limit with respect to possession. Individuals feel that they have a handle over things on the off chance that they realize themselves as far as a compact personality. Much more, individuals can be guaranteed that they are ordinary or, further, amazing and noteworthy, on the off chance that they have certain â€Å"desirable† attributes that make up their actual selves. This feeling of self causes the character emergency, frailties, and self-loathing the same amount of if not more so than it gives individuals an affirmation of knowing who â€Å"they† are. The cyborg sanctions the foreseen destruction of such decreasing hallucinations. Cyborgs resist customary grouping, therefore controllability. This compromises people with significant influence, and it undermines those that appreciate the cutoff points once set up. While this thought must appear to squash the quality of gatherings that have been characterized by a bringing together attribute, for example, â€Å"male†, it truly considers undeniably increasingly potential gatherings to unifyâ€groups that may have encountered unrest and couldn't be ordered by single word, as â€Å"woman†. Basic arrangements that have limited different parts of one’s novel experience will not confine anymore or diminish one’s numerous selfhood. At that point, cyborgs/selves can investigate the self of decision to boost their involvement with understanding with their condition. At long last, the missions for self as bona fide will not endure anymore. The credibility of human communication could simply be a deception. Practices are, all things considered, just as real or complete as you envision them to be. One can shape their encounters, or if nothing else their impression of them, interestingly. [See Chapter 5, Speaking into the Air] Thus, the requirement for human contact could be seen as another fantasy. Individuals can become hopelessly enamored over the Internet. The climax that one has in a mimicked circumstance, similar to telephone sex or digital sex, is similarly as â€Å"real† as the one he/she would have had if the gigantic shaggy lady on the opposite finish of the wire (and the climax) truly was the thin provocative light idea to convey.

Research Paper Website - Making It Work Effectively

Research Paper Website - Making It Work EffectivelyWhen you decide to go ahead and create a research paper website, you should be aware of all the things that are required in order to make it successful. You can use this website as an avenue to promote your scholarship or to earn some extra cash from the comfort of your home. When it comes to designing a website for a research paper, there are some things that you need to keep in mind so that you can get the best results.Among the most important factors to keep in mind are the following: name of the website, domain name, layout and navigation, how much bandwidth the website has, etc. The name of the website is what will define the site. This name needs to be unique as well as easy to remember so that the visitors can easily type the page address in their browser. Remember that you cannot just put anything in the URL address box; it has to be either case sensitive or case insensitive.A research paper website has to have its own domain name as well as hosting. You can either purchase a domain name or rent it for a specific period of time. Although you can get cheap hosting services, it is always better to make sure that the host that you will be using offers you a good level of service.When you use these tools to write web pages, you will find that it will be easier for you to compose and submit a paper. One of the best tools that you will find when creating a research paper website is an article submission tool. It is important to have an easy-to-use interface so that you can put up your articles quickly. The URL address of the website has to be easy to type as well so that visitors do not have any difficulty while getting to the content they want.A research paper website should also have easy navigation features so that users do not have to spend a lot of time searching through the pages. The site has to have features that allow users to quickly navigate through the various sections. You also need to make sure that the navigation buttons are not in the wrong positions. There is no point in creating a website if people do not be able to access it.The bookmark tool should also be included on the research paper website. This is useful when users want to save their favorite websites and bookmark them. It is also important to make sure that all the links are visible and functional. In case you need to contact your college for any reasons, you can utilize the e-mail feature of the website so that you can connect with your professor for any queries.When it comes to designing a research paper website, you need to make sure that all the important features are present in the website. One of the most important features that you need to incorporate is the ability to send emails. In this way, users can easily reach out to you whenever they have questions about the topic and they can also attach the necessary documents and books.Overall, the design of a research paper website is very important. This is because you want your readers to get what they want when they visit your website. If you want them to understand your ideas, the website must make sense and work efficiently.

Classical Conditioning Definition and Examples

Classical conditioning is a behaviorist theory of learning. It posits that when a naturally occurring stimulus and an environmental stimulus are repeatedly paired, the environmental stimulus will eventually elicit a similar response to the natural stimulus. The most famous studies associated with classical conditioning are Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs. Key Takeaways: Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is the process by which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a stimulus in the environment, and as a result, the environmental stimulus eventually elicits the same response as the natural stimulus.Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, who conducted a series of classic experiments with dogs.Classical conditioning was embraced by the branch of psychology known as behaviorism. Origins and Influence Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning arose out his observations of his dogs’ salivation responses. While dogs naturally salivate when food touches their tongues, Pavlov noticed that his dogs salivation extended beyond that innate response. They salivated when they saw him approach with food or even just heard his footsteps. In other words, stimuli that had previously been neutral became conditioned because of their repeated association with a natural response. Although Pavlov wasn’t a psychologist, and in fact believed his work on classical conditioning was physiological, his discovery had a major influence on psychology. In particular, Pavlov’s work was popularized in psychology by John B. Watson. Watson kicked off the behaviorist movement in psychology in 1913 with a manifesto that said psychology should abandon the study of things like consciousness and only study observable behavior, including stimuli and responses. After discovering Pavlov’s experiments a year later, Watson made classical conditioning the foundation of his ideas. Pavlov’s Experiments Classical conditioning requires placing a neutral stimulus immediately before a stimulus that automatically occurs, which eventually leads to a learned response to the formerly neutral stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiments, he presented food to a dog while shining a light in a dark room or ringing a bell. The dog automatically salivated when the food was placed in its mouth. After the presentation of the food was repeatedly paired with the light or bell, the dog started salivating when it saw the light or heard the bell, even when no food was presented. In other words, the dog was conditioned to associate the previously neutral stimulus with the salivation response. Types of Stimuli and Responses Each of the stimuli and responses in classical conditioning are referred to by specific terms that can be illustrated with reference to Pavlov’s experiments. The presentation of food to the dog is referred to as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because the dog’s response to the food occurs naturally.The light or bell is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because the dog must learn to associate it with the desired response.Salivation in response to the food is called the unconditioned response (UCR) because it’s an innate reflex.Salivation to the light or bell is the conditioned response (CR) because the dog learns to associate that response with the conditioned stimulus. The Three Stages of Classical Conditioning The process of classical conditioning occurs in three basic stages: Before Conditioning At this stage the UCS and CS have no relationship. The UCS comes up in the environment and naturally elicits a UCR. The UCR wasn’t taught or learned, it’s a completely innate reaction. For example, the first time a person takes a ride on a boat (UCS) they may become seasick (UCR). At this point the CS is a neutral stimulus (NS). It has yet to produce any kind of response because it hasn’t been conditioned yet. During Conditioning During the second stage, the UCS and NS are paired leading the previously neutral stimulus to become a CS. The CS occurs just before or at the same time as the UCS and in the process the CS becomes associated with UCS and, by extension, the UCR. Generally the UCS and CS must be paired several times in order to reinforce the association between the two stimuli. However, there are times when this isn’t necessary. For example, if an individual gets sick once after eating a specific food, that food may continue to make them nauseous in the future. So, if the individual on the boat drank fruit punch (CS) right before getting sick (UCR), they could learn to associate fruit punch (CS) with feeling ill (CR). After Conditioning Once the UCS and CS have been associated, the CS will trigger a response without the need to present the UCS with it. The CS now elicits the CR. The individual has learned to associate a specific response with a previously neutral stimulus. Thus, the individual who got seasick may find that in the future fruit punch (CS) makes them feel ill (CR), despite the fact that the fruit punch really had nothing to do with the individual getting sick on the boat. Other Principles of Classical Conditioning There are several additional principles in classical conditioning that further detail how the process works. These principles include the following: Extinction As its name suggests, extinction happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer associated with an unconditioned stimulus leading to a decrease or complete disappearance of the conditioned response. For example, Pavlov’s dogs started to salivate in response to the sound of a bell after the sound was paired with food over several trials. However, if the bell was sounded several times without the food, over time the dog’s salivation would decrease and eventually stop. Spontaneous Recovery Even after extinction has occurred, the conditioned response may not be gone forever. Sometimes spontaneous recovery happens in which the response reemerges after a period of extinction. For example, suppose after extinguishing a dog’s conditioned response of salivation to a bell, the bell isn’t sounded for a period of time. If the bell is then sounded after that break, the dog will salivate again — a spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response. If the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli aren’t paired again, though, spontaneous recovery won’t last long and extinction will again occur. Stimulus Generalization Stimulus generalization happens when, after a stimulus has been conditioned to a specific response, other stimuli that may be associated with the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response. The additional stimuli are not conditioned but are similar to the conditioned stimulus, leading to generalization. So, if a dog is conditioned to salivate to the tone of a bell, the dog will also salivate to other bell tones. Although the conditioned response may not occur if the tone is too dissimilar to the conditioned stimulus. Stimulus Discrimination Stimulus generalization often doesn’t last. Over time, stimulus discrimination begins to occur in which stimuli are differentiated and only the conditioned stimulus and possibly stimuli that are very similar elicit the conditioned response. So, if a dog continues to hear different bell tones, over time the dog will start to distinguish between the tones and will only salivate to the conditioned tone and ones that sound almost like it.   Higher-Order Conditioning In his experiments, Pavlov demonstrated that after he has conditioned a dog to respond to a particular stimulus, he could pair the conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus and extend the conditioned response to the new stimulus. This is called second-order-conditioning. For example, after a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell, the bell was presented with a black square. After several trials the black square could elicit salivation by itself. While Pavlov found he could also establish third-order-conditioning in his research, he was unable to extend higher-order conditioning beyond that point. Examples Examples of classical conditioning can be observed in the real world. One instance is various forms of drug addiction. If a drug is repeatedly taken in specific circumstances (say, a specific location), the user may become used to the substance in that context and require more of it to get the same effect, called tolerance. However, if the individual takes the drug in a different environmental context, the individual may overdose. This is because the user’s typical environment has become a conditioned stimulus  that prepares the body for a conditioned response to the drug. In the absence of this conditioning, the body may not be adequately prepared for the drug. A more positive example of classical conditioning is its use to support wildlife conservation efforts. Lions in Africa were conditioned to dislike the taste of beef in order to keep them from preying on cattle and coming into conflict with farmers because of it. Eight lions were given beef treated with a deworming agent that gave them indigestion. After doing this several times, the lions developed an aversion to meat, even if it wasn’t treated with the deworming agent. Given their aversion to the meat, these lions would be highly unlikely to prey on cattle. Classical conditioning can also be used in therapy and the classroom. For example, to combat anxieties and phobias such as a fear of spiders, a therapist might repeatedly show an individual an image of a spider while they are performing relaxation techniques so the individual can form as association between spiders and relaxation. Similarly, if a teacher couples a subject that makes students nervous, like math, with a pleasant and positive environment, the student will learn to feel more positive about math. Critiques While there are numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning, the concept has been criticized for several reasons. First, classical conditioning has been accused of being deterministic because it ignores the role of free will in peoples behavioral responses. Classical conditioning anticipates an individual will respond to a conditioned stimulus with no variation. This may help psychologists predict human behavior, but it underestimates individual differences. Classical conditioning has also been criticized for emphasizing learning from the environment and therefore championing nurture over nature. The behaviorists were committed to only describing what they could observe so they would stay away from any speculation about the influence of biology on behavior. Yet, human behavior is likely more complex than simply what can be observed in the environment. A final criticism of classical conditioning is that it is reductionist. Although classical conditioning is certainly scientific because it utilizes controlled experiments to arrive at its conclusions, it also breaks down complex behaviors into small units made up of a single stimulus and response. This can lead to explanations for behavior that are incomplete.  Ã‚   Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is Classical Conditioning?† Verywell Mind, 28 September 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-conditioning-2794859Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Goldman, Jason G. â€Å"What is Classical Conditioning? (And Why Does it Matter?)† Scientific American, 11 January 2012. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/what-is-classical-conditioning-and-why-does-it-matter/McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Classical Conditioning.† Simply Psychology, 21 August 2018. https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.htmlPlatt, John R. Lions vs. Cattle: Taste Aversion Could Solve African Predator Problem. Scientific American, 27 December, 2011. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/lions-vs-cattle-taste-aversion/

Was Dropping The Atomic Bomb On Japan The Best Way For The...

Was dropping the atomic bomb on Japan the best way for the United States to force Japan to surrender unconditionally? World War II was a war fought between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers. The main Allies were France before it fell, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States. The main Axis were Italy, Japan and Germany. War broke out in 1939 and did not end until 1945. On May 8, 1945 the Allies won victory over Europe, thereby they won victory over Italy and Germany. However the Allies did not defeat nor receive the surrender of Japan until months later. The Japanese would not and did not surrender until the United States dropped a new weapon of war. This â€Å"no surrender† was mainly due to the Japanese code of the samurai, or†¦show more content†¦On August 15, 1945 Emperor Hirohito announced Japan’s unconditional surrender over the radio â€Å"citing the devastating power of â€Å"a new and most cruel bomb.†(History, par.1) Victory ove r Japan had been achieved. On September 2, aboard the USS Missouri the Japanese formally surrenders. After the United States dropped the atomic bombs, it put the United States in a dominate position due to the knowledge that they, if not have a weapon of mass destruction, then they have the ability to create a weapon of mass destruction. This also resulted in other countries wanting a weapon of mass destruction for a variety of reasons. There were six possible responses President Truman could have decided upon to solve this problem he faced. The first possible response was to drop the atomic bomb(s). This is response that President Truman decided upon. This decision was to drop an atomic bomb on a chosen Japanese city and if the Japanese still would not surrender, then a second atomic bomb would be dropped on a second chosen city. This is the best response to the problem of how the United States was supposed to force Japan to surrender unconditionally and end the war. The second pos sible response was to continue the bombing already happening, with the regular non-atomic bombs, which would then be followed by an invasion. This response was actually favoured by General Douglas MacArthur and other high up military commanders so much that the plan was given the codename â€Å"OperationShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombs : The Justification1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Atomic Bombs; The Justification One of the most controversial and heavily scrutinized issue of the twentieth century was President Harry S. Truman’s decision to unleash atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The motives behind Truman’s actions are shrouded in controversy as top military officials publicly denounced the use of such a disastrous weapon. There is overwhelming evidence supporting both sides of the decision, as historians are split in opinion. The United States had beenRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Was A Revolutionary Invention1528 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. This was especially true in the early 20th century with World Wars I and II, when tactics and weaponry were being developed to kill as many people as possible (i.e. total war, civilian bombing, etc), and reached its peak with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. The atomic bomb was a revolutionary invention that raised many questions, most comprehensively, why? Why did we drop the atomic bom bs? This question regarding the motivations behind dropping the atomicRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1584 Words   |  7 Pages1940’s there was a change in American leadership. Having this change not only changed the outcome of the war that we were currently in, but how the rest of the world would view our country after the war. The decision that Harry Truman was forced to make on the choice to drop the atomic bomb or to attempt more land invasions was a choice that shaped the outcome of the war. There were major influences and side effects from the dropping of the atomic bomb and what it did to the country of Japan. Having theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : Right Or Wrong1642 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Shedd 11/10/15 Word Count: 1517 The Atomic Bomb: Right or Wrong On August 6th, 1945 the very first atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. A second atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki a few days later. This was the largest attack a country had ever seen before and there were many different views on whether the bombs were necessary or not. Like any conflict, there were groups that were against dropping the bomb such as the Wall Street Journal and groupsRead MorePresident Truman And The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1280 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions have to be made. In the case of President Harry Truman and the dropping of the atomic bomb, many speculators say that it was a great way to resolve the war with Japan while others contradict the action. Through time and preparation, President Truman’s courageous decision was an answer to end a crisis and by far one of the best problem solving solutions in American history. President Truman’s bravery in dropping the atomic bomb is and always will be one of the most significant events in AmericanRead MoreAtomic Bomb in World War II681 Words   |  3 Pagespower, and the second was that Russia had no intentions of leaving the land it had taken on its way to Berlin. With the war in the pacific still ongoing, the Americans had to turn its focus to the war on the islands and deal with Russia afterwards. Eventually in July of 1945, an end to the pacific theater of war came (V-J day) with the dropping of the two atomic bombs, little boy and fat man, on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The decision to drop the first bomb was made by new presidentRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima, Japan, And The United States1202 Words   |  5 Pages the United States dropped the first of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima, Japan. World War Two was practically over, but Japan and the United States weren’t getting along due to Japan bombing Pearl Harb or. The President of the United States (Truman) and U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill Issued the Potsdam Declaration which was the declaration that was put on the table for Japan after Germany had surrendered. Earlier in the war we had been putting together atomic weapons in case the war was gettingRead MoreEssay on The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the United States naval facility known as Pearl Harbor. This attack brought the United States into World War Two. Within the four years that followed, the United States--under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt-- researched and developed an atomic bomb. This was known as the Manhattan Project. Such a bomb was more powerful and destructive than any ever known to man. After FDR died on April 12,Read MoreHiroshima; Right or Wrong? Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesHistorian A. -Historian A had a lot of reasonable and strong perspectives on the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. She views the United States was not justified in dropping the bomb. A huge argument begins with the U.S. knowing that Japan was trying to surrender. This is a great example of unnecessarily kicking someone when they are already down. The Japanese wanted peace and tried to surrender, the only condition was that they could keep their emperor. The U.S. declined and said they had to haveRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1165 Words   |  5 Pagesof World War II, despite the fact that the United States had not entered the war at the time. It wasn’t until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 that the U.S. had officially declared war on Germany and Japan. After Germany had agreed to an unconditional surrender, therefore ending the war in Europe, the U.S. was still at war with Japan and the U.S, hesitant to risk more American lives, made the diffi cult decision to drop the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Both bombings

Mission Log A Mission Of The Highest Honor - 1960 Words

Mission Log: 001 January 4th, 2127 My identification number is 9777, but everyone here affectionately calls me Sevens. I have been living in hell for the last six months, or as our supervisors call it, the Exodus Rehabilitation Center. We are here to be prepared for â€Å"a mission of the highest honor†, but we all know that is a lie. They have been feeding us some propaganda that we will be a part of historic mission that will help unite our planet, when in reality we are the last ditch effort to save us. What they don’t know about me is who I really am. Long before I was born our world fell into a class war, and by all accounts a nasty one that the upper class â€Å"won†. The poor were pushed out of the cities. They were stripped of their†¦show more content†¦I didn’t realize that though, I was only ten at the time. I was in the park when the sirens sounded; it was too late at that point though. I was knocked to the ground and slammed my head onto the merry go round. The last thi ng I remember was my brother screaming. When I woke up I was in the ghetto near my city in a small ragged tin house with a women and her daughter standing over me. This would be my new family, my new home, my new way of life. Or so I thought, till the government came and rounded up all of the prospects, or as we refer to ourselves, space slaves. Mission Log: 002 January 6th, 2127 Today the shuffled us into the auditorium immediately after our post lunch workout. Io looked like he was about to erupt out of anger, he doesn’t take kindly to any authority figure giving him instructions. That’s why I gave him the nickname Io, I always thought it was fitting and he didn’t know enough about Jupiter’s moon to realize I was poking fun at his volcanic temperament. The temperatures of the moon are actually about negative 202 degrees Fahrenheit [8] which makes sense if you believe that maybe Io is a nice guy deep down. The volcanos though can reach temperatures of 3000 degrees Fahrenheit [8] which makes a little more sense with his personality. And the moon appears to be red, yellow and orange [8] which about describes his face when he is about to beat someone to a pulp. I did this for everyone though, they made it to easy. I was an

Qualitative Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify a Single Piece of Qualitative Research in the form of a Published, peer reviewed article. Answer: Introduction To evaluate the robustness of the findings, critical scrutiny of the published research article is obvious. The paper aims to assess the quality of the qualitative research paper using the criteria outlined in Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research'by Popay et al. (1998). It is the formalized framework for the evaluation of the qualitative study. This framework is useful in allowing the qualitative studies specified in health research to receive optimum recognition. The qualitative study identified for this purpose is based on a theme of obesity, Identifying families reasons for engaging or not engaging with childhood obesity services: A qualitative study by Banks et al. (2014). This paper is concerned with the management of obesity by highlighting the value of engaging children in the health care decision to attend the obesity services. Evaluation According to Popays criteria, the one criterion to good qualitative study is the provision sufficient details such as background, objectives highlighted with succinct statements, clear description of the methodology and discussion of the main findings (Popay et al. 1998). Banks et al. (2014) have provided a concise title to the article that itself give a precise hint about the purpose and methodology of the research. The authors credentials indicating the credibility of the research follow the title. The background of the study is not too extensive. It is able to inform readers about the problem area, which is obesity and its significance. Thus, the relevance of the research is identified in the background of the study as also highlighted by (Holmes 2014). As the background is followed by short literature, it indicates that subject has been thoroughly researched by the author. As per the Popays criteria, a qualitative study must be able to illuminate the subjective meaning and actions and the context of those being researched. Right in the abstract Banks et al. (2014), the researcher articulates the use of the qualitative interviews to examine families reasons for engaging or not engaging with child obesity services. The desired method for research suggested appears justified. The qualitative paper clearly highlights the context of those being researched. Since the study aims to identify the reason for attrition due to lack of adherence to treatment. Thus, it is justified that the researchers consider 15 families who attended a UK-based childhood obesity service with children and 17 families whose children withdrew from the intervention. Thus, this qualitative paper is well set out allowing the readers to well recognise the research design and read effortlessly (Cope 2014). The paper does not demonstrate in details about the verstehen approach adopted to illuminate the meaning people attach to their behaviour that is in adherence to the intervention for obesity (Popay et al. 1998). However, Banks et al. (2014), designed the paper to draw the data from the interviews with families who participated in the Primary Care Care of Childhood Obesity (PC-COCO), Randomised control trial (two armed). This trial assessed the effectiveness of incorporating the established secondary care clinic in the primary care setting. In short, the privilege of the subjective meaning is not evident from the paper (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber 2017). Prior to the methodology section, the author highlights the results of the trial where he found poor attrition rate, but the potentiality of the primary care service was noted. A qualitative study must have the evidence of adoption and responsiveness of the research design to the circumstances. Further, during the course of the study, the issue of social settings in real life should be met. In short, there is a need of variability instead of standardisation, which is the hallmark of good qualitative methodology (Popay et al. 1998). The same is evident in this paper were sampling, data collection, its interpretation and are interdependent. The Popays criteria mention that the qualitative research must have the sample that produces the type of knowledge to understand the environment in which the participants are assessed. In the chosen paper, the author has chosen purposive convenience sampling. All the participants are the most appropriate to the task itself and involve maximum variation. However, the paper does not highlight the reason why some participants did not turn for the interview (Leung 2015). Further, the author has clearly mentioned as to who cond ucted the interview and that it was conducted over the phone for the group of participants that withdrew from treatment. For the group that participated in the intervention were interviewed in their homes with children. The use of the semi-structured interview was justified as the interviewer can look for the technique of verbal communication and how the responses were given (Munn et al. 2014). The element of vagueness is eliminated in the paper by Banks et al. (2014) as he mentioned the duration of the interview and data recording process. Further, prior to discussing on the methodology, the author elucidates the process of trial to rationalise the research. This section thus meets the hallmark criteria of the qualitative study. During this study, thematic mode of data analysis was used (Banks et al. 2014). This coding method recognises main themes, and emphasise on ideas and feelings (Popay et al. 1998). Since more than one author was involved in the interview process, its eliminates the probability of discrepancies and bias. This is also evident from the ethics committee approval and informed consent taken from participants. There is an evidence of adequate description of the individual sections such as introduction, methods, results and discussions as well as on the subsections such as the interview with families, data analysis and presentation (Holloway and Galvin 2016). The Popays criteria emphasise on the evidence of data quality and of theoretical and of conceptual adequacy (Popay et al. 1998). The paper must have a potential for assessing typicality. The paper demonstrates interpretive validity. The researcher Banks et al. (2014) not only described the data but also gave the quotation to interpret the meaning and significance of the response. The researcher did not give a wide comparison of the statements and indexes of the behaviour. In the qualitative paper, the author findings are scientifically credible and can be transferred to others settings as highlighted by Popay et al. (1998). The findings can be used to understand the attrition of the people in the diabetes treatment clinics. The author of the qualitative paper has linked the purposefulness to the representativeness. In addition, the researcher has not missed highlighting the strengths, limitations, practice implications such as incorporating the childs clinical decision-making process (Kallio et al. 2016). The author has also provided suggestions lastly to improve the clinical environment to decrease the attrition rate. The parts of the setting can be treated as typical of a large number of setting. In case the setting, time and place are explicit, it may enhance the typicality of the findings by using other sources such as congruent pieces of research, non-official statistics, and policy documents (Lipp and Fothergill 2015). Conclusion The criterion that was considered a hallmark of the good qualitative health research is met o a great context by the chosen qualitative paper. The paper was thus evaluated using the Popays criteria on various dimensions such as interpretation of the subjective meaning, theoretical basis, sampling process, data collection methods, and concern with generalisability. The findings were important, and the background information was sufficient to make the judgments. Overall, the qualitative paper has clear implications for policy and practice. Thus, Popays criteria well define the quality standards for assessing the qualitative methodology in the health service research. References Banks, J., Cramer, H., Sharp, D.J., Shield, J.P. and Turner, K.M., 2014. Identifying families reasons for engaging or not engaging with childhood obesity services: A qualitative study.Journal of Child Health Care,18(2), pp.101-110. Cope, D.G., 2014, January. Methods and meanings: credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 41, No. 1). Holloway, I. and Galvin, K., 2016.Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Holmes, J., 2014. Countertransference in qualitative research: a critical appraisal.Qualitative Research,14(2), pp.166-183. Kallio, H., Pietil, A.M., Johnson, M. and Kangasniemi, M., 2016. Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi?structured interview guide.Journal of advanced nursing,72(12), pp.2954-2965. Leung, L., 2015. Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research.Journal of family medicine and primary care,4(3), p.324. Lipp, A. and Fothergill, A., 2015. A guide to critiquing a research paper. Methodological appraisal of a paper on nurses in abortion care.Nurse education today,35(3), pp.e14-e17. LoBiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J., 2017.Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Munn, Z., Porritt, K., Lockwood, C., Aromataris, E. and Pearson, A., 2014. Establishing confidence in the output of qualitative research synthesis: the ConQual approach.BMC medical research methodology,14(1), p.108. Popay, J., Rogers, A. and Williams, G., 1998. Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research.Qualitative health research,8(3), pp.341-351.

A Few Words With Gordon Parks essays

A Few Words With Gordon Parks essays Q: What inspired you to compose music? @ Well, it is quite strange really; youre going to think Im crazy. One summer when I was about seven, I was hunting June bugs in our cornfield when I heard something in the cornstalks. The noise got louder and turned into music, and all I could do was just stand there, with my mouth full of mulberries (which I now think are poisonous), confused, looking up at the slow-drifting clouds to see if they were where the music was coming from. The strings, horns and drums were as real to me as the sunlight, and I had a feeling that this music was stuck inside my head, that is it would have been there even if I had no ears- sort of like Beethoven. So, I covered my ears with my hands, and the sounds were still there and they continued until all the clouds moved away and there was nothing above me but the blue sky. Then the music was gone just the same as it had came, and I ran toward the house a little scared but jubilant at the same time. But since no one was around I just went ahead and sco oted up on the piano stool and started banging on our Kimball upright-trying to imitate the sounds I had heard. You see, my father was out in the field working and he dropped his hoe and ran to the house hearing all the noise. He opened the door and watched me with amazement because I was sitting there at the piano, screaming as loud as I could! I think that this introduction to the fact that the joyous sounds of nature could be expressed through music influenced my life in a great way, no matter if it was because of some berries I had been eating, or as the will of God. Either way Im grateful for the way that it has changed my life. Q: Did you ever write any music, and if so, did it ever get it published? @ No, I never really wrote music because I didnt know how. I started playing piano the same day that I heard the music out in the field, and started t ...

Windows NT vs Linux essays

Windows NT vs Linux essays According to the Microsoft Corporation, Windows 2000 (AKA Windows NT 5.0) is the revolutionary new operating system geared to take care of business. Advertised by Bill Gates and associates to be the best thing for business network file-systems since multi-tasking, it hosts a slew of new features. Included in these new features are innovative security settings, Internet and file-system integration, support for SMP (multi-processors), and most importantly, fewer crash scenarios than previous versions of Windows. The infamous instability of Microsoft products has long been a blemish on the company's track record. With different versions of Windows 2000 for different applications (Professional, Server, and Advanced Server), Microsoft hopes that this new implementation of Windows NT architecture will prove to be the best choice for businesses. Opposing the Microsoft machine in the battle for business computers is a lesser-known, yet increasingly popular operating system named Linux. Linux has been around for nearly 10 years now, as a less involved implementation of UNIX code. This operating system takes a dramatically different approach to computing than Windows. Programmed not by a single company, but by computer whiz groups and individuals, it is very popular among the tech savvy. Consequently these tech savvy groups have created not just one, but hundreds of versions of Linux worldwide. While all versions of Linux use the same basic kernel (core source-code, currently version 2.4) the different distributions can include any number of productivity applications, programming compilers, and other services. Depending on what version of Linux suits an administrator, he can probably get it for free. Linux has been developed under the GNU public license, which means that all Linux source code is absolutely free. While certain companies have marketed their compiled versions of Linux, they are still required to provide the original code fr...

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith - Essay Example These factors influence the cultural macroevolution. Here the changes are determined by the environmental factors and not by the social economic and political ones. The important influence of these macro evolutionary factors has been brought to the limelight by Jared Diamond. These factors played a very pivotal role at the dawn of history especially when writing was first invented. For example the Inuit could not invent farming but people in the Middle East could do so because they were surrounded by wild animals/plants which could be domesticated. Cultural microevolution on the other hand generated a need for liquid fuels for industrialized nations. But it was the macro evolutionary factors which shaped the World War II, where Germany and Japan had to use all their efforts to obtain and defend their petroleum supplies since their own territories lacked them. Early historians did not give much importance to the evolutionary view of history. But seventeenth century onwards scholars like Voltaire, Comte and others visualized history as an evolutionary process that was moving towards a goal. Karl Marx was one of the pioneers of the first great theories of historical evolution. Marx tried to find an evolutionary pattern of history based on scientific analysis. Apart from historians even... We are all products of our social and biological backgrounds. It is due to this very reason that the human nature of citizens living for long under democracies is different than those under dictatorships. Evolutionary theory has converted biology into a logical discipline. Evolutionary theory, primarily its cultural aspects can do the same to social sciences. Although some aspects of such a theory can be overshadowed by the story of sociopolitical evolution from hunting and gathering through the establishment of states that can be put together today. Evolutionary theory thus can be formed without making assumptions about genetics. The change in human natures is essentially because of cultural and not biological evolution. Plant domestication i.e. agriculture has played a very pivotal role in human history. It first began in the Fertile Crescent which is now a part of Israel and Lebanon. Population pressure, declining game supplies and increased plant gathering are some of the reasons given for the origins of agriculture .It is believed that the key reason for the spread of farming was due to the episodic periods of scarcity- a discrepancy of the general population pressure speculation. This could explain the rapid spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent The second hypothesis is that agriculture developed due to the rapid end of the ice age. The agricultural revolution was accompanied by rising birth rates. This eventually led to the demand of more food and thus led to the pressure of technological change to make more intensive agriculture possible. Due to this intensification and division of labor human society underwent changes through villages, clans to ultimately modern nation states. Differences in the productivity of the physical

The operating statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The operating statement - Essay Example Variable costs are costs are those, which vary with the level of activity while fixed costs are those, which are constant irrespective of the level of activity. However, the increase or decrease of fixed costs is not related to the level of activity alone as they may though change over a period. Variable costs on the other hand are directly related to the business activity; they include costs such as those for raw materials and inventory. They vary in the sense that the more of each you need in production the more the costs will increase (Czopek 2004). When the budgeted of these costs is more than the actual, then the discrepancy is termed as an adverse and a control measure must be put in place in actual/real time (Czopek 2004). The operation statement will therefore help the management in identification of each of the costs, when they are favorable as well as when they are adverse and formulate the control mechanisms for normal operations. As there is no single direct way or strate gy of cost management and control, the mangers will be forced to examine the whole business strategy and make a determination of how to achieve a cost reduction without interfering with the business operations. Variable cost control Variable costs will rise with expansion in production and fall when production falls; this is quite useful for effective decision-making. They include costs such as those for raw materials, packaging and direct labor (Czopek 2004). The operating statement shows clearly a Budgeted gross profit of 18339.30 pounds. As indicated by the variable costs variances, they are adverse as shown: - Sales volume profit variance = (2,130 – 2,100) ? 8.61 = ?258.3 (A) and Sales price variance = (15.0 – 14.5) ? 2,100 = ?1,050.0 (A). Material M3 price variance = (1.55 ? 1,050) – 1,680 = ?52.5 (A), Material M3 usage variance = ((2,100 ? 0.6) – 1,050) ? 1.55 = ?325.5 (F), Material M7 price variance = (1.75 ? 1,470) – 2,793 = ?220.5 (A) and Material M7 usage variance = ((2,100 ? 0.68) – 1,470) ? 1.75 = ?73.5 (A). Direct labor rate variance = (7.2 ? 525) – 3,675 = ?105.0 (F), Direct labor efficiency variance = ((2,100 ?14/60) – 525) ? 7.2 = ?252.0 (A), Variable overhead expenditure variance = (2.1 ? 525) – 1,260 = ?157.5 (A), Variable overhead efficiency variance = ((2,100 ? 14/60) – 525) ? 2.1 = ?73.5 (A). In order to achieve the budgeted profit, the management will have to do something about the adverse variable cost variances, which include those for labor, raw material in terms of material usage and the variable overheads. Material M3 whose price variance is adverse with its usage favorable, the management can look for a cheaper substitute of the same material to curb the negative variance. Depending on the cause of adverse material price variance as indicated by material M7, management will find out, if it is caused by changes in purchase prices, they can find a substitute. If it is caused by substitution of the original with a new material, the management will decide to go back to the original raw material. The management by help of the operating statement will be able to device other ways of controlling the adverse material cost variance by deciding to look for materials which have cash discounts and buying from suppliers who offer transportation and storage as after sales services. Direct labor rate variance is favorable with direct labor efficiency variance being unfavorable at 252.0 pounds. The management is therefore able to know the causes of

Change Model Essay Example for Free

Change Model Essay The aim of this essay is to critically analyse the background of the Qantas and its decision to launch Jetstar on May 2004 that operated around 800 flights a week across network of 14 destinations within Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Secondly, this essay will evaluate how Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model is used to gather major information and to critically analyse it. Thirdly, this essay will critically evaluate the background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. Fourthly, this essay will also critically analyse the revenue and profit performance of Qantas prior the introduction of Jetstar i.e. 2002. Fifthly, it will continue to critically evaluate the trend in Qantas and Virgin Blue in 2003. Then the sixth paragraph will also critically evaluate the trend in Qantas after the launch of Jetstar. Lastly, the essay will also look into the annual reports of the year 2005-2009 and critically analyse the significant value added by the Jetstar to the Qantas group; and will critically analyse whether the executive decision of Qantas to launch Jetstar in order to retain the 60% domestic aviation market from its competitors has been a strategic success or not. This paragraph will critically analyse the change management information gathered to launch Jetstar low cost airline in May 2004 by using the Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model. Nadler (1977) as cited in Cumming and Worley (2009:122) highlights that the Data Collection Feedback model consists of five phases that are (1) planning to collect data, (2) collecting data, (3) analysing data, (4) feeding back data and (5) following up on the data collected. In planning to Gather information to justify change Nadler (1977) argues that primary methods such as, direct interviews with CEO and key change agents, observing and identifying the need for change and the use of un obstructive measure as sampling technique, force field analysis and scatter diagrams, could be used to gather major information. In contrast Danaher have used various published data to trace the evolution of the Jetstar strategy of its initial position, to its efforts to attain price competitiveness and service parity, followed by its highly focused, cost-effective service delivery strategy. Based on it they have developed a hierarchical model with parameters estimated at the  individual level. This allows us to study not only how service design and pricing initiatives shift the perceived performance of Jetstar relative to its competitors but also how the airline can move market preferences toward areas in which it has competitive advantage. After done with the planning of the collection of data from competitors performance on its revenue, sales profits, passenger numbers and market share in 2002, 2003 and 2004 against Qantas key performance indicators for the same period between 2002, 2003 and 2004 from the Annual Reports of both Virgin Blue and Qantas domestic operations. Nadler (1977), after the data has been collected data they are analysed using the qualitative change data such as directors report, World Business Briefing /Australia: Airline Profit(2004).The reminder of this essay will critically analyse the data collected from secondary sources such as Annual Reports, newspaper articles and journal articles to analysis the data sourced to evaluate what would be the most effective change to be implemented by Qantas in responding to Virgin Blue competition the Australian aviation domestic sectors. This paragraph will evaluate the basic background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. After the deregulation of Australian aviation market there were several airline companies entering the market however the most significant entrance was of low fare airlines Impulse in June and Virgin Blue in August 2000. The arrival of Impulse Airlines and Virgin Blue doubled the number of players and dramatically challenged the stable duopoly of Qantas (after its merger with Australian Airlines) and Ansett, setting off a vicious price war (Traca, D., 2004). However, Impulse facing a major trouble in the cash flow agreed on May 1, 2001 to hand over its operations to its biggest rival, Qantas Airways. As per the deal Impulse stopped its passenger service under its own name on May 14 and leased 21 aircraft as well as cabin crews and pilots to Qantas. The deal led the stock of Qantas heaved by 26% closing at $3.40 per share giving Qantas a significantly stronger position in the Australian market (Gaylord, 2001). Qantas, Australia’s leading domestic and international carries launched a budget airline called Jetstar in May 2004 (Qantas annual report, 2004). With Jetstar Qantas’s aim was to cover the low fare segment of the aviation  industry, which came into existence in the year 2000 with its competitor, Virgin Blue. Virgin had been successfully eating up QANTAS market share by attacking it from below as a no frills provider. In 2001 the collapse of Ansett in domestic market, led Qantas to lease extra flights, add hundreds of special flights in order to help stranded travellers due to Ansett crisis. At the time Qantas flew more than 50,000 former Ansett passengers for free and other 65,000 on heavily discounted fares. Due to this Qantas was able to deliver a profit before tax of $631m and net profit after tax of $428 million at the end of 2002, 30 June, despite of the fact that the world’s aviation market was suffering from â€Å"constant shock syndrome†, due to the September 11 attack followed by bombings in Bali, the war in Iraq and of course the devastating outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Qantas annual report, 2003). The shutdown of Ansett also highly benefitted Virgin Blue, since the event provided a wide opportunity for Virgin Blue to grow rapidly and become Australia’s second leading domestic carrier. In 2000 it started with only one route (Brisbane to Sydney) with two aircrafts and a team of just 200 people. In 2001, with the opportunity to widen its market segment, 14 new routes were launched (virginaustralia – history). The aim of this paragraph is to highlight how Qantas and Virgin Blue became the only two players in the Australian domestic aviation market in 2002. It will also look in to the key financial indicators of both the companies so that a comparison could be drawn out. In 2002 there were only two companies that survived the fare war of 2000-2001. One of them was Qantas that gained 80% of the domestic market share following Ansetts cessation. Whereas, the number of international passenger declined by 11% which makes an average decline of about 25% in global aviation market (Traca, D., 2004). In the same year Qantas domestic carried 1485 million passengers making a RPK of $2034 million and the ASK of $2503 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2002). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2002. As per the financial result the company had $631 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $million, revenue of $ 10,968.8 million and earnings per share of 29.1 cents (Qantas annual report, 2002). The other survivor of the fare war, Virgin Blue managed to emerge as second Australian Domestic carrier, covering of about 20% of the domestic market  (Traca, D., 2004). Due to its strategic low operating cost and soaring market share, it was able to achieve net profit before tax of $34.8 million and revenue of $388.3 million. In this year the airline carried 3.2 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPK’S was 3169 million, capacity measured by ASK’S was 3898 million (Virgin Blue annual report, 2004). In March 2002 Patrick Corporation, the premier port cargo handler, bought 50% of the airline. This change made Godfrey, chief executive of Virgin Blue confident about the enlargeme nt of the domestic operation and also expansion into the international market with service to South Pacific (Traca, D., 2004). This paragraph critically analyses the key financial indicators of the Qantas and the Virgin Blue of the year 2003. It will also highlight how Virgin Blue concentrating only of the leisure domestic market was slowly overcoming the market share of Qantas. In 2003 Qantas domestic carried 1768 million passengers making a RPK of $2262 million and the ASK of $2683 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2003). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2003. As per the financial result the company had $502.3 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $343.5 million, revenue of $11,374.9 million and earnings per share of 20 cents (Qantas annual report 2003). Speaking of announcements, in the Annual General Meeting held on 16th October 2003 it was announced that â€Å"the airline is investigating the establishment of separate domestic low cost airline to service the leisure market in Australia† (Preliminary monthly traffic and capacity statistics, July 2003).In this same year Virgin Blue carried 6.8 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPK’S was 7194 million, capacity measured by ASK’S was 9078 million. Taking advantage of the fact that Virgin Blue had no other competitor serving the price sensitive market of Australia, it earned revenue of $914.6 million, compared to previous year the revenue earned up roared by 135.5% and the number of passengers carried also increased by 107% (Virgin Blue annual report, 2003). This paragraph will critically analyse the launch of Jetstar in May 2004 and the changes that it brought in the key financial indicators of Qantas and as well as of Virgin Blue. Following the announcement made in 2003 Annual  General Meeting Qantas Introduced Jetstar in May 2004. In the first year Jetstar alone carried 273,000 passengers. Prior Jetstar Qantas already had Qantas Domestic and Qantas Link serving domestic passengers. With these three Qantas in total carried 1973 million passengers. Compared to 2003/04 the number increased by 9.4% (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). In the same year Total Domestic (Qantas, Qantas Link and Jetstar) traffic was measured in Revenue Passenger Kilometres (RPKs) of $2451 million while capacity, measured in Available Seat Kilometres (ASKs) increased to $3021 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). On 19 August 2004, Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30 June 2004. In the announcement it was stated that the company had achieved a profit before tax of $964.6 million and a net profit after tax of $648.4 million. Similarly, $11.4 billion of revenue, earning per share of 35.7 cents (Qantas annual report, 2004/05). Despite increasing domestic competition during the year Virgin Blue continued to show strong growth and profitability. During the year Virgin Blue carried over 10million (m) passengers, an increase of 53% compared to previous year. Doubling its passenger number the third time in a row in this same year it welcomed its 20 millionth passenger. Its revenue for the 2004 financial year was $1362.3million which is 49% more than the previous year. In the same year profit before tax was up by 45% to 226.2million and a Net Profit After Tax of 158.5million (Virgin blue annual report, 2004). Till March 31, 2004 Virgin Blue had 44 Boeing Net Generation 737 – 700 737 -800 aircraft out of which 36 were leased and 8 were owned. However, during the year the fleet was increased by 15 aircrafts. Since the day of establishment Virgin Blue was committed to keep its cost base low and they are continuously working through it so that they could consistently provide their customers with low fares travel. Their cost per ASK for the financial year 2004 was 8.16 cents whereas a year before it was 8.48 cents. A decrease of 3.5% put the company on a good front in terms of scale and productivity (Virgin blue annual report 2004). The Australian discount airline Virgin Blue, has won 30% of the market from Qantas, the national carrier, which will introduce a low-fare airline, Jetstar. Fare surcharges are being imposed by both groups as fuel pri ces rise (Shaw, 2004). Jetstars initially offered $48 for Melbourne to Hobart route and from $54 for Sydney to the resorts south of Brisbane. The price was similar  to what the price Virgin Blue was offering at the same period. All Jetstar flights offered one class of travel, with unreserved seating. In contrast Virgin Blue offered assigned seating and baggage connections to final destinations (Henly, 2004). This paragraph critically analyse the key indicators for Qantas and Virgin Blue for launching Jetstar in May 2004. It is very clear with the annual report that Jetstar has been profitable ever since it was launched in the year 2004 (Jetstar Media centre). However, the road wasn’t quiet smooth in the initial years. From its launch Jetstar was exclusively using a â€Å"low price† message in its communication, but it was lagging way behind Virgin Blue in terms of quality. The Jetstar overall quality disadvantage was greater at 22.3% (6.02 versus 7.75) (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Jetstar was already appealing on the price front, and then it addressed its deficit in quality and tackled that by focusing on some specific sub attributes (not disclosed by the company) that provided Jetstar a good opportunity to overcome the point of difference with Virgin Blue. Then the price perception of Jetstar relative to Virgin Blue dramatically improved from 6.9% deficit in March 2008 to 2.5% deficit in only 3months i.e. 7.42 versus 7.62 (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Since the establishment the main concern as a parent company for Qantas Group was that whether Jetstar would financially be profitable in its own right. Hence, it did by earning revenue of $1.020 billion, $1.414 billion, and $1.605 billion in the year 2007, 2008, and 2009 respectively. It was 7%, 10%, 12% of Qantas group revenue respectively (Qantas annual report, 2009). Similarly, in the same order the profit earned was $79 million, $104 million and $118 million (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Table 2). Similarly, speaking of market share of Jetstar, it has increased by 29% from the year 2008-2009. Earlier with the perceived mediocre price competitiveness and low quality it was in a poor position as compared to Virgin Blue, whereas, with the necessary remedies taken within the 1st quarter of 2008 it was in position almost equal to Virgin Blue in terms of covering the large proportion of the target market. Jetstar Market Share of Domestic Australian Leisure Air Travel was 14% in the first quarter of 2008, with the changes made the market share increased to 14.6% and it gradually kept on increasing and it had 18.1% of market share in March 2009. Further, with the increase in profit it improved its perceptual position, whereas,  Virgin Blue has remained relativ ely stationary. In conclusion if we are to pay close attention to the domestic growth strategies of the country’s largest airline company; Qantas, its decision of launching Jetstar seems be a successful strategic decision. It was matter of concern that the Virgin Blue an airline company focusing on the price sensitive market would whether survive the competition with 82 year old veteran airline company. However, with its striking approach of low fare Virgin Blue today covers 35% market share of the domestic aviation sector. By critically evaluating the financial indicators of both companies for the year 2002-2004 and also following the series of events, it becomes quiet clear that though Virgin Blue had started small it managed to cover 20% of the target market in 2002. In further years concentrating only in the no frill travel it was able to hold the 30% of the market share, which became a matter of concern for Qantas because though it was making more profits then Virgin Blue it was losing it domestic market grip, therefore, led to the launch of Jetstar. However, even after the Launch of Jetstar Qantas performance was not like it was expected because in the year 2004 Qantas domestically carried only 2061 million passengers which were only 88 million more than the last year. However, with the necessary major changes (not disclosed by the company) Jetstar alone was able to regain the market share of 18.1% by March 2009. REFERENCE LIST Gaylord, B. (2001). Qantas to Absorb Competitor As Fare War Takes a Victim. The New York Times; Business Day. 11Shaw, J. (2004). World Business Briefing /Australia: Airline Profit. The New York Times; Business Day. Henly, G, S. (2004). Travel Advisory; New Offshot of Qantas Offers Lower Fares. The New York Times; Travel Danaher. J. P., Roberts. H. J., Roberts. K., Simpson. A. (2011). Applying a Dynamic Model of Consumer Choice to Guide Brand Development at Jetstar Airways. Marketing Science, 30(4), 586 – 594. Doi: 10.1287/mksc.1100.0619 Traca. D., (2004). Virgin Blue Fighting With National Champion. INSEAD, 5179. Traffic and Capacity Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors-traffic-statistics/global/en Jetstar Media Centre. Retrieved from: http://www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/facts-and-stats/jetstar-group Nadler, D. (1977). cited in Cumming and Worley (2009). Organization development change, 9th edition, South- Western Cengage Learning. Qantas annual report (2002). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2002AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2003). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2003AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2004). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2004AnnualReport.pdf Virgin Blue annual report (2004). Retrieved from http://www.virginaustralia.com/cs/groups/internetcontent/@wc/documents/webcontent/~edisp/annual-rpt-2004-a3.pdf

A Proposal to Stop the Poaching of the Siberian Tiger Essays -- Argume

A Proposal to Stop the Poaching of the Siberian Tiger One of the world’s most beautiful creatures, the Siberian tiger, has been roaming earth for many years. The Siberian tiger subspecies has been subjected to many obstacles, which make it very difficult for it to survive. Their main threat is not lack of food, but â€Å"man,† one of God’s most fierce and cruel species. Because of man the tiger population has reduced to approximately 400 in the wild, and restricted their remaining habitat to the Russian Far East (Field Projects). Man has done many things to destroy the Russian Siberian tiger. They have cut down forests and moved in on the tiger’s territory, causing them to flee and become fragmented throughout Siberia making it hard for them to mate and hunt. Poaching has also made it difficult for the tiger to survive. Man has illegally killed this magnificent animal over decades for sport, food, trade, medicinal purposes, and to protect their livestock. Though man is very powerful and capable of causing the extinction of the Siberian tiger, they are also capable of helping the tiger to survive. Many people are supporting conservation organizations in order to help the surviving population of the Siberian tiger. These conservation organizations are trying to stop the annihilation of the Siberian tiger by strengthening anti-poaching patrols, establishing a compensation program for farmers, and educating people. According to researchers, â€Å"between 1990 and 1994 approximately sixty tigers were poached a year† (Field Projects). Some Russian experts predicted, â€Å"that, if no immediate measures were taken, the Siberian tiger would go extinct soon after the year 2000† (Field Projects). The Russian ministry of environment began a project... ...ob to clean up what we started and end the illegal killing and help the tiger population to expand and survive in their habitat. Many foundations have been funded in order to make this possible, it is also our job to make sure they stay in effect to eventually end the poaching of the Siberian tiger. Richard Burge noted in Riding the Tiger, â€Å"The tiger is more than a charismatic predator: it is a keystone subspecies in its environment. By saving the tiger in the world, we save complex ecosystems and habitats that would otherwise be destroyed in the relentless march of human need and, all too often, greed† (U. S. Fish & Wildlife Conservation Act). Works Cited â€Å"Field Projects.† 5 Tigers. 3 October 2001. United States Fish & Wildlife Service. Rhinocerus & Tiger Conservation Act. Summary Report 1999-2000.

Contextual role in lifespan dvelopment

Lifespan development is the process by which individuals go through a series of stages that unfold one after the other. Development applies to both the physical and non-physical dimensions. Almost all individuals agree that physical growth stops at certain points. However, there is a lot of contention about where the issue of personality development stops. Many authors have used descriptions such as adulthood, inner unity and self actualization in attempts to describe where this development ends. However, these definitions are all linked to certain cultural or historical aspects of a person’s life. This then brings out the importance of context within the field of lifespan development. The essay shall look at cultural, historical, spiritual aspects that affect how an individual’s lifespan development occurs. (Pogson and Tennant, 1995)Role of contextMany books address the stages that human beings go through as they grow but few of them pay attention to the forces or powe r that one’s social surrounding can have upon their lives.   It should be noted that the environment can influence ones’ development both physical and intellectually. This is because the environment can interact with ones genes and change the way they grow.Many theories exist about the stage of development. Some experts suggested seven stages; others suggested six while others believe that human beings go through five stages. While these stages may be common among certain individuals, one cannot ignore the fact that they are not applicable to all individuals. By establishing a system of theories that generalize developmental stages, these experts were ignoring one of the most crucial facts in development; the individual. Each and every person is exposed to different cultural or social aspects; consequently, that person is bound to turn out differently in comparison to their counterparts. (Jarvis, 1997)When one examines the nature of stages that their own lives have u ndergone, one can see that none of them actually fit ideally into the latter mentioned life stages. There are some delays in certain instances and there may also be some skips. One must therefore ask themselves why this is occurring. The answer is that human beings are creatures of their surrounding. Every single person is exposed to different experiences. This affects them both physically and otherwise and it can therefore affect the nature of their developmental process.Life development should not be mechanized in such a manner that one can assume that they can predict growth phases. Life is not clear cut and sometimes, one’s experiences can either cause that person to retrogress (in that they depict signs characteristics of an earlier stage), in other instances, experiences may propel individuals to enter into stages that may not be predicted for their age. Sometimes, one can undergo a certain stage twice and these are all as a result of people’s interaction with th eir environment. (Humphries, 1988)Some of the stages created by experts on lifespan development may not necessarily be prevalent in all parts of the world. The authors mentioned include ·   Erikson ·    Piaget ·    Kohlberg ·      EtcThese experts conducted their studies only in certain parts of the world while the rest were left out. Sometimes, some communities may not depict the characteristics laid out in their theories. For instance, stages such as mid life crisis may not prevalent in all parts of the world. Some people may assume that this is a western notion.Another important issue that affects development is one’s gender in relation to their surrounding. Because of the roles laid out by society with respect to gender issues, then one cannot assume that all societies will have individuals who go through similar stages as do other women in the rest of the world.Certain psychologists and sociologists came up with a series of factors that can affect the n ature of one’s life outcome. An example of such an author was Holmes and Rahe. The latter authors described some forty three items that can alter one’s perception of the world around them, these includedSA spouse death-100Divorcce-73Separation from a spouse-65A close family member’s death—63Detention in jail-63Illness-50Marriage-47Pregnancy-39Job retirement-45Others included reconciliation with a spouse, changes in health etc. (Rutter and Rutter, 1992)The latter ratings were in order of the event’s ability to alter one’s development. The authors explained that when these events occurred, then one had to succumb to overwhelming emotional burdens. It should be noted that the list largely contained a number of adult related issues. It was also explained that the degree to which he events alter one’s life is largely dependent on whether they were expected in one’s lifespan. Also the sequence within which those events occur also mat ters because when the events follow one another, then they can cause a crisis which eventually changes one life course.ConclusionIt should be noted that development largely depends on one’s experiences and environment. In other words, context is crucial. This is the reason why many developmental stages are not linear and vary from individual to individual.ReferencesRutter, B. and Rutter, M. (1992): Developing Minds. Challenge and continuity across the life span; PenguinPogson, P. and Tennant, M. (1995): Learning and Change in the Adult Years; Jossey-BassHumphries, B. (1988): Adult learning in social work education; Critical Social Policy No. 23: 4-21Jarvis, P. (1997): Adult Learning in the Social Context; Croom Helm

Examples Of Racism In A Raisin In The Sun - 1672 Words

African-Americans have experienced racism since the 1600s and throughout American history. However, not many books have been able to display the ethnic ignorance that white people have towards blacks. One of the more successful stories is A Raisin in the Sun shares a compelling story about an African-American family during the 1900s and offers many themes about social class and race. In A Raisin in the Sun, a negative legacy is left on modern drama due to the many examples of poverty and the message of money in the novel; though some people may believe that the play was an accurate depiction of the African-American lifestyle and their culture, they are wrong to believe this impractical belief because it leads to many white people assuming†¦show more content†¦In fact, poverty that the black community experiences has a direct correlation to discrimination, as Tayebeh Nowrouzi claims, â€Å"Big Walter s life was a constant suffering from his discriminated hostile economic and social world†¦ he could not escape the despair and poverty that discrimination imposed on African Americans† (Nowrouzi et.al. 2272). In arguing this claim, Nowrouzi is explaining that economic poverty is due to racism and discrimination. The phrase â€Å"he could not escape† confirms how although Big Walter worked diligently his whole life, the poverty and economic failure was an impending doom. Moreover, the use of the words â€Å"constant suffering† suggests that Big Walter and the black community have been dealing with poverty and economic disparity for as long as they have been alive. The life of Big Walter is very symbolic because the treatment of African-Americans has not changed from his lifetime to Walter and Travis’s lifetime. The legacy that A Raisin in the Sun has left in modern society is very negative because the play demonstrates a profoundly racist and discriminated point of view of African-American poverty. However, not only does the play show differences in the welfare of African-Americans compared to whites, it also illustrates the theme of money and greed. TheShow MoreRelated Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreWhite Dominance During The Post Segregation Era945 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Dominance in the Post-Segregation Era Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, addresses the hardships of an African-American family living in the projects of post-segregation Chicago. The family aspires to fulfill their dreams of owning a home despite the odds they face. W.E.B Du Bois critical race theory explains the issue of racism and white dominance that not only the family in the play faces, but the African-American community as a whole. American society only allows for African-AmericansRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird vs a Raisin in the Sun1396 Words   |  6 Pagesskin color. A Raisin in the Sun is a play about how the value of a family can overcome racism in a new town and allow a family to prosper, even in the worst conditions. However, both of these works deal with racism and discrimination in similar ways. Conversely, Harper Lee, being a white author, cannot portray believable accounts of racism and black oppression as well as Lorraine Hansberry, who has personal experience and realism to make her work authentic. The emphasis of racism in each work variesRead MoreWhat Does You Dream Deferred? Lorraine Hansberry s Play, A Raisin And The Sun ``942 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Happens to Dreams Deferred? Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, addresses the hardships of an African-American family living in the projects of post-segregation Chicago. The family aspires to fulfill their dreams of owning a home despite the odds they face. W.E.B Du Bois critical race theory explains the issue of racism and white dominance that not only the family in the play faces, but the African American community as a whole. American society only allows for African AmericansRead MoreEssay on Compare Contrast a Raisin in the Sun1026 Words   |  5 PagesFrontina Taylor English Comp II Jaime Barrett Compare and Contrast A Raisin In The Sun Essay In the play, A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, and 1961 movie written by Lorraine Hansberry and presented by Columbia pictures, one of the most important themes is the American Dream. Many of the characters have hopes and dreams. They all strive towards their goals throughout. However, many of the characters have different dreams that clash with each other. Problems seem toRead MoreAn African American Family Struggles with Racism in A Raisin in the Sun by by Lorraine Hansberry 933 Words   |  4 Pages A Raisin in the Sun was written by Lorraine Hansberry and is a play about an African American family who are struggling in the 1950’s to keep the family together. Although the play is portrayed in the 50’s many issues like the economy, racism, and family dynamics the characters had to face; these issues are still issues in the 21st century. â€Å"So money is life... things have changed†- Mama Pg. 75. In the quote Mama is surprised that money has the power to make or break the world; and more importantlyRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Lorraine Hansberry `` And Langston Hughes Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pageseducation should teach others how to think. Moreover, Lorraine Hansberry s story, Raisin in the Sun, is about a poor African-American family that try to move into a different neighborhood and break free from poverty. Also, Langston Hughes poem, Theme for English B, is about a black student who explains to his professor what is true for black or white people and that everyone is the same. Beneatha from Raisin in the Sun and the black student from Theme for English B would agree with David Wallace sRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Is Play Written About A Family In The1592 Words   |  7 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is play written about a family in the 1950’s, and the focus of the play is how racism affects that famil y. The family in the play tries to buy a house in a white neighborhood, and they have to deal with discriminatory housing practices and the threat of racial violence. A Raisin in the Sun is relevant today because a lot of the insights it makes about racism are still debated over today. One of the issues it tackles is racial violence. In the play, the family deals with the threatRead MoreTimeless Themes A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry1306 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most notable plays on the topic of racial minorities and family issues, A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, has continued to be popular since it was written in 1959. The play is about an African American family, consisting of five members, who live in Southside Chicago during the post-World-War-Two era. The Younger family is crowded in a tiny, worn, and shabby apartment and they are fairly poor. They never have much surplus money until Walter’s father, and Mama’s husband, died andRead MoreRacial Injustice in A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry and Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin1494 Words   |  6 Pagestreated equally like a full human being. The theme of racial injustice is prevalent in both â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin stories. Both of the stories shows contrasting view on African American people living in fear of racial terrorism, physical harm, housing inequality, and dangerous life in segregated black neighborhood. However, they share similar views on racism in the form of economic oppression, and the experience of racial injustice in both of the